Morna, Another Blues

A Morna group.  Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

Like rembetiko and fado, morna is a music genre that stresses separateness, longing, wistfulness, and all the sadness of a disenfranchised people who have experienced pain.  Morna is the music of Cape Verde, an island country comprised of fifteen islands in the central Atlantic Ocean, about 354 miles west of the coast of Africa.  Cape Verde was very important in the slave trade because of its location, hence some of the sadness.  The land is very remote, rocky, and subject to drought.

Morna goes back about a hundred and fifty years, and is complex hybrid of African and European cultures.  It is the national music  of Cape Verde, and is popular in Cape Verdean communities all over the world.  Some musicologists trace the genre back to a genre called the lundum (or lundu), from Africa, most likely Angola.  It is a dance-song from the Bantu tribe, which spread through various regions of Africa.  Slaves brought it to Brazil, where it was very popular among the elite and even became Brazil’s first national dance.  Lundum is related to the Spanish fandango and new world dances like the bolero.  All of these include scarfs, castanets, and holding arms over the head.  There was also a genre in Cape Verde called the choros, which are plaintive songs, like working songs.  Morna is therefore considered a cross between the lundum and the choros.  Initially, morna did not have any romantic themes; they developed along with the genre.

There is some argument where the word came from.  One faction thinks it comes from the English word “to mourn”.  Others say it comes from the French word “morne”, which is the name of the hills in French Antilles where chanson des mornes are sung.  Most writers think, however, that the name is from the Portuguese “morno” meaning “warm”, a reference to the way morna is sung.

The music is characterized by a slow tempo.  The main instrument is a guitar.  A morna can also be performed on a piano.  However, a medium-sized band may have a twelve string guitar, a guitar-like instrument called a cavaquinho, another instrument (perhaps a violin), some percussion and the singer.  A larger band may add an acoustic bass guitar, a clarinet or trumpet, and several percussion instruments, including bongos.  In the 60s, bands began playing morna with electric instruments and a drum kit, but by the late 90s there was a return to the roots and the use of acoustic instruments. 

The theme of a morna can be varied, but certain subjects seem to be used more often.  Besides the universal theme of love, there is the homesickness and love of the sea.  One of the most famous morna composers was Eugénio Tavares of Brava Island.  He used morna to express his heartbreak when his love left on a ship.  He loved fado, which influenced his work, and when he died in 1930 he was considered a national treasure, leaving behind a body of works.

Eugenio de Paula Tavares (1867-1930)
Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

The next great composer of morna came along once morna was a fully-developed form.  Francisco Xavier da Cruz, who went by B. Leza, had written over 1,700 songs when he died in 1980, which remain the standards for the genre.  Late in life he became paralyzed and confined to a wheelchair.  He still performed, changing the form since he suffered from shortness of breath.  He shortened his words and swallowed some syllables, and did it so well it influenced the style of all morna singers.

Cesaria Evora, better known as the “barefoot diva” has sung mornas in concert all over the world once she was discovered in 1980.  She is the niece of B. Leza.   Check out the video below - English translation below the video.

The singer Bana, aka Andriano Conçalves is also hugely popular.  He and B. Leza performed together until the latter's death in 1958.  He is known as the King of the Cape Verde Islands.  His initial albums were so successful that he soon was performing in sold-out shows.  He retired in 1986, but did make one more album after that.  Fans are hoping he will make more.

Bana
Image courtesy of National Geographic World Music

The blues seem to appeal to many cultures, and they all have their takes on it. Morna is the Cape Verdean and Brazilian form, and is popular even in Portuguese, sharing the stage with fado.  The blues, whatever style you prefer, is about life, and life is not always fun and games.

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Fado

"Fado" by Jose Malhoa (1910)

All the Love that had tied us,
As if it was of wax,
Was breaking and crumbling down.
Ai, tragic Spring,
How I wish, how I wish that we
Had died on that day.
And I was condemned to so much.
To live with my crying
To live, to live, and without you.

Longing.  We have all felt this at times.  The Portuguese have a name for it:  saudade.  It doesn't translate well in words, but it is the sad and nostalgic longing for someone or something lost; a remembrance of feelings, experiences, people, or places that was once pleasurable, but all that remains is a deep longing or yearning for what no longer exists.

Saudade by Almeida, Jr.
1899

This wistful and sad mood is the key element of fado, a music genre that can be traced to 1820s Portugal, but probably goes back much farther in time.  Fado means "fate" in Portuguese.  Some say that fado came from homesick Portuguese sailors, their songs later mixed with African slave rhythms, with Arab influences.  Like rembetiko or the blues, it came from poor areas, the slums of Lisbon, associated with taverns and brothels.  As it grew in popularity a slightly different type of fado branched off, Coimbra fado, which became popular among university students.

Characterized by mournful singing, fado is meant to be felt and experienced, and is not just for listening.  In fact, if an audience is not moved to tears, a performance is not successful and may be stopped. Although it is performed by both men and women, women singers, fadistas, are usually preferred.  It is a tradition when listening to fado in Lisbon that you clap your hands after a performance.  With Coimbra fado one coughs, as though clearing one's throat.

Although the number and kinds of instruments used today are varied, traditionally the accompaniment was a 12-string guitar, called a guitarra in Portugal, and a viola or a bass guitar.  Sometimes piano, accordion, or violin were added.  The most famous "diva" of fado was Amalia Rodrigues, who died in 1999.  The prime minister of Portugal ordered three days of mourning, so well-loved were both she and fado.

Saudades de Napoles (Missing Naples)
Bertha Worms, 1895

Fado has spread from Portugal all over the world, although younger generations are not as into it as their elders have been.  Australia has a lot of Portuguese who migrated there and fado is popular. Toronto and Montreal in Canada also have large Portuguese communities.  In the Central Valley of California there are a lot of performances that draw crowds from all over; spread by word of mouth they offer fado and feasts of Portuguese food.

There are days that seal our soul and life,

And the one that you've left me I can't forget.

The rain wet my face that was frozen and tired.

The streets of the city I've already crossed.

Ai.. my cry of young lost girl screamed to the city

That the fire of love under the rain had just died.

The rain heard and kept silence about my secret to the city

And then it knocks on the window bring saudade.

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Song lyrics from Lyrics Translate

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