The Art of Trees

A ficus tree(s) that has been shaped.

For centuries humans have attempted to manipulate plants and shape them. Topiary, espalier, pleaching, and bonsai immediately come to mind.  The latest attempts, which have become art forms, are tree shaping.  There are not many artists using plants and trees, but each seems to have their own name for it.  An overall term for it is arborsculpture but arbortecture and biotecture are often seen. The plants used are usually evergreens.

What the above ficus may attain to.

Pleaching, once known as plashing, was commonly done from late medieval times into the early eighteenth century.  The term comes from the French word "plechier", meaning to braid.  It is the technique of weaving branches of trees to form a hedge or a quincunx.  Hedges made this way grew thick enough that they were impenetrable, perfect for enclosing animals, not to mention cost-effective. Every few years the lower parts of the hedge are bent and interwoven, and pruning is an annual task.  A somewhat labor-intensive technique, it never caught on in the U.S., but was popular in shaded allées in Europe.  The word dropped out of common usage until Walter Scott used it in 1822.  Trees with smooth bark, such as linden, apple, or hornbeam, are most used.

Pleaching usually requires a support structure in the beginning
such as the one here, especially horizontal support.

Espalier is a rather ancient practice, usually done against a wall or fence but occasionally freestanding.  Although the word is French, it comes from the Italian word "spalliera" meaning something to rest the shoulder (spalla) against.  Branches are pruned and tied so they grow as a flat plane.  This is popular to do with fruit trees, such as apple, which allows for less space and easier access to fruits.  Also planting next to a wall helps retain heat and allows more sunlight, extending the fruiting season.  Vineyards have been planted with this technique for millennia. There are various patterns both formal and informal.  These, too, are started with supports, and require maintenance.

An espaliered pear tree.

Another method of training plants, and one almost everyone is familiar with, is topiary.  This is different in that the overall aim is to shape a plant into a living sculpture by trimming the leaves and twigs.  The term comes from the Latin word "topiarius" (landscape gardener), which in turn came from the Greek "topia" meaning places.  Plants with dense foliage are preferred, and shaped wire cages often are used to provide structure.  This method has been popular in the West since ancient times, but has also been popular in the East as well, although the Eastern style celebrates a more natural style.  Topiary has caught on and can be seen all over the world, as the examples below show.

At a park in Karachi, Pakistan.

Ocean Park, Hong Kong

Prague, Czech Republic

Zarcero, Costa Rica

Bonsai is only for the patient, as it takes a long time for these plantings to develop. My father loved bonsai, and even took a class in it at a local Japanese nursery he frequented.  Unfortunately, the class was conducted in Japanese, and he was only able to learn what he could comprehend visually.  A "bon" is a tray-like pot used in the art, traditionally one from the few accepted proportions and shapes.  Once a selected tree is pruned, including its roots, and has attained its desired miniature size, it is planted in this special pot which further restricts its growth.  This tradition has been dated back to 6th century Japan, and the idea was that natural beauty could only become true beauty through human intervention.  It is common practice to wire the branches and trunks to manipulate their growth into a predetermined look. Because of the small container, repotting is part of the regular maintenance and special soil is a must.  Most plants, unless specifically chosen, cannot survive indoors.  Some plants grow up a meter tall, but most are significantly taller.  The goal is to create a tree that looks mature with the proportions of a fully-grown tree but no apparent sign of human intervention.

A "group" planting from Martigny, Switzerland.

A California or Coast Redwood from the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, NY.

This Sargent Juniper was "born" in 1905 and lives in the National
Bonsai and Benjing Museum in the U.S. National Arboretum.

Some species of trees used for many of these techniques have a tendency for inosculation, or self-grafting, which is a well-known botanical phenomenon. Tree shapers like to use this tendency and choose inosculate trees.

Inosculated crab apple trees in Scotland.
These are known as "Husband & Wife" trees.

Tree shapers consider the environment where they are creating their art, and choose trees known to do well in an area, and that are resistant to insect damage and disease.  Most trees require time to be shaped, but there also are techniques for "instant" tree shaping.  Grafting, framing (the use of supports), and pruning all contribute to the final work.  Although some tree shapers have "harvested" their works, thus rendering them no longer living, many intend for their works to be living sculptures.

Needle and Thread Tree by Axel Erlandson, Gilroy, Ca.
Image courtesy of Richard Reames/Wikipedia.

The Person Tree, planted in 1998 by Pooktre - Peter Cook & Becky Northey.

Peace in Cherry, by Richard Reames of Arborsmith Studios, Ore.
Image courtesy of Richard Reames/Wikipedia.

Tree shaped by Dan Ladd.
Image courtesy of Treeshapers.net.

Tree shaped by Aharon Naveh.  Image courtesy of Treeshapers.net.

Poet Joyce Kilmer expressed his joy of trees in his famous poem.  Wonder what he would think of some of these tree shapings.

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Unless otherwise noted, images courtesy of Wikipedia.

Treeshapers.net is a good site for more information on history and artists.

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Wooden Books

Age appears to be best in four things:  old wood to burn,

old wine to drink, old friends to trust, and old authors to read.

Francis Bacon (paraphrasing Athenaeus)

Close-up of paper made from spruce, poplar, pine, and fir trees.
Image courtesy of Science Photo Library.

Well, let's not burn all the wood.  Yet.  Let's look at the connection between wood and what old authors wrote to read:  books.  Specifically, books made of paper made of wood.  The Arabs were the first to produce paper books in the 8th century after learning papermaking from the Chinese.  Europeans used paper made of rag until about 150 years ago, when it became standard to print books on paper made of wood.

Front and rear of a piece of birch bark.
Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

From an etymological standpoint,  "book" and "beech" are related.  The Germanic root of both words is *bk- from an Indo-European root which means "beech tree"; the Old English form of book is bc, from the Germanic *bk-, and it meant "book, or a written document".  This makes sense when you consider that the early Germanic people used strips of beech to write on.

A birch bark inscription from Novgorod, circa 1240-1260.  This contains
spelling lessons and drawings by a boy named Onfim, whom experts deem
to have been between 6 and 7 years old.  Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

The early Romans also used the smooth inner lining of a tree to write on.  Their word for it, which literally means "bark", is liber, which came to be the word for book, and eventually library.  Likewise the Latin word for codex, comes from caudex which means a tree trunk.

The relationship between books and wood is obvious, so news of books made of wood doesn’t seem so extraordinary.  But there are fifty-six of them that are quite exceptional.  These books are kept by the Orto Botanico di Padova.

The University of Padua, founded in 1222, is famous for many things and an all-star cast of alumni.  But another stellar thing they are famous for is their wooden books.  These books are about trees, and also made of trees.  There is a different specie of tree in each book.  The covers were made of a piece of wood from its respective tree showing radial, longitudinal, and cross profiles.  On each spine is a sample of the bark from that tree.

Inside the books are parts of the tree:  seeds, seedlings, flowers, leaves, roots, sawdust, charcoal, and ash.  Each is fastened to the insides and numbered.  Also inside are pieces of parchment with a handwritten legend identifying the samples.

These were created in the late 1700s or early 1800s, and there once was about one hundred of them.  Unfortunately so many have been lost or destroyed that only fifty-six of them remain.  Those that are extant are a much better way of recording information about their respective trees than drawings or written accounts, because the items saved serve as DNA blueprints.

If you really love wood, no doubt you are familiar with your local xylarium.  But if there isn’t one near you, don’t despair.  The World Woods Library is an ongoing project of wooden books made from woods from all over the world.  Choose your favorite tree, then buy the book: 

Graphic designer Jason Arias made up a typeface design called Ringbearer, that was influenced by tree rings.  He decided to make a book for the typeface, made of actual tree rings from a tree trunk.  Each round "sheet"  bears a letter of the font, other information about the project, and at the bottom is a niche that holds a folded poster that shows all the characters.

Not content to stick with the innovation of the somewhat eponymous book, Arias also redesigned a magazine cover using his font:

So before you chuck another log on the fire, think about what else you could do with it.  The mind you save could be your own.

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